BASKET CONTENTS
CHECKOUT |
||||
  |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|
Delivering the Science
and the Art of Health Promotion |
 |
 |
 |
 |
     
Robert F. Allen
|
||
| In This Issue Health Promotion Advocacy, by Dr. Robert Karch Strategies for Tobacco Control in the United States, by Michael Pentschuk Country Profile: Nutrition Profile and Education in Israel, by Dr. Yitzhak Weinstein and Dr. Dorit Nitzan-Kaluski An Argument Against Health Promotion Advocacy for Specific Populations, by Felicity Goodyear-Smith Canada Lobbies to Aid Homeless, by Cathy Crowe Global Initiatives International Institute for Health Promotion Newsflashes Editorial Team |
Health Promotion Advocacyby Dr. Robert Karch |
|
When asked about the concept of health promotion, nearly everyone will tell you that it is a great idea and that we all need to support this cause. However, in a world of scarce resources and competing interests, health promotion has attracted minimal support in terms of policies and financial resources. One only needs to look at state budget allocations for healthcare and the percentage which goes towards health promotion/disease prevention. As health promotion professionals, we need to ask ourselves why we have not advanced our cause more effectively and how we can better compete against some of the industry "giants" (e.g., the tobacco industry) for a share of the pie. We all know the saying of "preaching to the choir" and its pitfalls. Decision makers, interest groups, and the general population need to be targeted. More effective advocacy is the key.
The 1998 World Health Organization (WHO) Health Promotion Glossary defines advocacy for health as "a combination of individual and social actions designed to gain political commitment, policy support, social acceptance, and systems for a particular health goal or programme." The glossary further points out that "health professionals have a major responsibility to act as advocates of health at all levels in society." I wholeheartedly agree with this notion that each of us should feel a responsibility to advocate our cause and gain support on various levels. There are many different levels on which to become active: using mass media or new technologies, direct political lobbying, social mobilization, alliance building (e.g., community coalitions), etc. The reality is that there are many contesting, opposing forces competing for political and public attention.
Professor Simon Chapman of the University of Sydney characterizes past public health advocacy efforts as "reactive, unplanned, and strategically naive" (1998) and calls for planned media advocacy strategies based on systematic analysis of the public positions of opposing forces. This may be true compared to some opposing forces’ systematic and successful actions. However, in my opinion, health promotion professionals have brought a new wind into the traditional public health movement and initiated some successful advocacy efforts in the recent past. This edition of Global Perspectives will highlight some of these newsworthy initiatives with different goals and from different regions of the world, and will also portray unique perspectives of how advocacy can be improved in spite of major barriers.
One of the most successful public health advocacy initiatives has been the North American tobacco control movement, undoubtedly in terms of legal impact and monetary compensation. Michael Pertschuk, co-director of the Advocacy Institute in Washington, DC, provides an excellent overview of the tobacco control lobby by describing the strengths and strategies the lobby utilizes.
The Toronto Disaster Relief Committee (TDRC) has been extremely politically active over the past year in their efforts to declare homelessness a national disaster. Cathy Crowe, of the TDRC, makes a strong point how poverty and housing policies have a direct impact on health and should be directly included into the realm of health promotion.
| Art
and Science of Health Promotion Conference The Broadmoor Colorado
Springs, March 6-11, 2000 |
|
Strategies for Tobacco Control in the United Statesby Michael Pertschuk |
 |
Michael Pertschuk is co-director of the Advocacy Institute, a U.S.-based international organization committed to supporting advocates of social and economic justice in lobbying for changes in public policy. Here, he summarizes the current strengths and strategies needed to further the progress of tobacco control in the United States.
Our first strength is the persuasive power of science and the moral authority of truth. Sometimes, in the war of words with the tobacco industry and its agents, we lose sight of our most powerful weapons: science and truth. There has never been a scientific consensus more powerful than that tobacco is a proven killer, a powerful addictive drug, and (despite industry smokescreens) a proven environmental hazard. And it is, without serious dispute, the most significant preventable cause of future death and disease in the world.
A second strength is the development of resources and a network of veteran tobacco control advocates, both domestically and internationally, to support tobacco control activities.
A third strength is the knowledge and wisdom at your fingertips. Thanks to the miracle of the Internet, a vast storehouse of knowledge in every aspect of tobacco control is readily available to us, from the science of tobacco's risks, to the growing science on the effectiveness of tobacco control interventions, including the optimum design of tobacco control policies, and insightful analysis of how the industry goes about its business of undermining those policies. The vast talent bank of scientists and veteran advocates are as much at our service as if we had a legion of workers to support our efforts.
A fourth strength is the exposure of the darkest industry secrets. The industry has now condemned itself in its own words. The vast numbers of once secret industry documents now made public under the Minnesota settlement and various other court decrees portray, in the words of tobacco industry scientists and executives and lobbyists themselves, the acknowledgment of tobacco's addictive properties, the health hazards of tobacco use, the marketing strategies of targeting the young, women, and other vulnerable populations with manipulative advertising and promotion strategies, and the corrupt political practices employed by the industry to subvert public health policy.
A fifth strength is the success of the tobacco control movement's media advocacy for tobacco control. The existence of these documents by themselves does not automatically translate into public demands for strong national tobacco control policies and programs. The single, most effective antidote to tobacco industry power and influence is the spotlight of mass media attention exposing and illuminating the industry's corrupt practices and generating public outcry and support for tobacco control legislation.
The most effective scientists, public health officials, and political leaders in the tobacco control movement have learned the skillful practice of what we call media advocacy: the development of stories and themes that appeal to the mass media and frame the story of tobacco's risks and the industry's behavior in ways that advance the policy agenda.
This was the abiding genius of C. Everett Koop, the U.S. Surgeon General who most advanced tobacco control on the U.S. agenda by equating the additive power of tobacco with that of dreaded heroin and cocaine, and effectively designating tobacco smoke as a powerful environmental hazard. It was the genius of Food and Drug Commissioner David Kessler to label the tobacco epidemic "a pediatric disease." And there are now effective tobacco control media advocates practicing such skills and techniques throughout the world.
A sixth strength is the innovative deployment of new legal theories and strategies, and the international network of trial lawyers to advance them, which has brought new allies to the struggle. The legal cases now developing in countries such as Guatemala and Panama, demonstrate that the power of the law, when pressed by determined legal experts, need not be limited to the U.S.
A seventh strength is the raising of tobacco control on the national and international public policy agenda. In the United States, two decades of successful media advocacy focusing public attention on tobacco industry wrongdoing, combined with the lawsuits brought by the state attorneys general led to the tobacco industry's historic concessions in the so-called Global Settlement of June 20, 1997. That settlement and this year's legislative debate in Congress have placed tobacco control in a new light, both on the U.S. and the world stage.
An eighth, and highly welcome strength, is changed U.S. policy towards international tobacco control. Ironically, the only significant tobacco legislation to be enacted in the U.S. Congress this year dealt not with the proposed domestic settlement, but with international tobacco control. The Doggett amendment to the State Department funding bill prohibited U.S. agencies from pressuring foreign governments to weaken their tobacco control policies.
These are formidable strengths which empower us and give us hope. But the tobacco industry remains a potent threat to all our efforts. Its economic and political resources remain formidable and it remains determined to make sure that new, ever larger generations of smokers become addicted both in this, their home country, and throughout the world.
To make real progress in tobacco control requires uncommon courage, far greater human and material resources than we have yet dedicated, political sophistication, and a willingness to stand up and fight the world's most powerful, corrupt and determined legal economic empire.
Keynote Talk to The Pan American Sanitary Conference (September 24, 1998) Michael Pertschuk, Co-Director, Advocacy Institute, Washington, DC. For more information, please visit http://www.advocacy.org
| Health Promotion: Global Perspectives Health Promotion: Global Perspectives, a supplement to the American Journal of Health Promotion, is published bimonthly by the American Journal of Health Promotion, Inc., 1660 Cass Lake Road, Suite 104, Keego Harbor, Michigan 48323. Annual subscriptions are free with a paid subscription to either the American Journal of Health Promotion or The Art of Health Promotion. Copyright ©1998 by the American Journal of Health Promotion; all rights reserved. To order a subscription, make address changes, or inquire about editorial content, contact the American Journal of Health Promotion, P.O. Box 469079, Escondido, CA 92029. Phone: 800-783-9913 or 760-738-4970, Fax: 760-738-4805. |
American Journal of Health Promotion American Journal of Health Promotion is the largest peer-reviewed journal devoted exclusively to health promotion. Published 6 times per year, The Journal publishes original research and reviews on the health and financial impact of health promotion programs, as well as editorials, abstracts from other journals and critiques of other published studies. Michael P. O’Donnell, PhD, MBA, MPH, serves as editor-in-chief. Subscription price for individuals is $69.95 in the United States, $78.95 in Canada and Mexico, and $87.95 in all other countries. Institutional prices are $20 higher. To subscribe: Phone: 800-783-9913 or 760-738-4970; Fax: 760-738-4805. |
The Art of Health Promotion The Art of Health Promotion newsletter provides practical information to make programs more effective. Each issue is devoted to a specific topic such as increasing program participation, increasing management support, cost benefit analysis, use of newer technologies, characteristics of industry experts. Larry S. Chapman, MPH serves as newsletter editor. Published 6 times per year, the subscription price for individuals is $59.95 in the United States, $68.95 in Canada and Mexico, and $77.95 in all other countries. To subscribe; Phone: 800-783-9913 or 760-738-4970; Fax: 760-738-4805. |
Country Profile: Nutrition and Education in Israelby Dr. Yitzhak Weinstein and Dr. Dorit Nitzan-Kaluski |
|
 |
|
Established in 1948, Israel is a melting pot for Jews, Arabs, Druz, and others. Israel's population rose from 1.2 million in 1949 to 6.1 million in 1999. During this time, rapid technological, economic, and health advances took place. Food production, healthcare, and life expectancy increased, while infant mortality decreased.
Much has been done in the past 20 years to achieve nutritional goals, yet there are areas that remain untouched. Developing key strategies and prioritizing a comprehensive plan for nutrition education are recommended. The need for political support at all levels is stressed. Insufficient budgets for interventions often impair well-planned project design.
The sustainability and effectiveness of such programs can be enhanced by the commitment of policymakers. Seeking such commitment is an important step in planning and launching a nutrition education strategy.
In January 1995, Israel adopted a new healthcare system. Health services were organized through the Ministry of Health, which is responsible for legislation, financing, and formulation of policy goals. The Ministry of Health has executed health education programs with other government offices.
Nutrition education and promotion
"Education is a basic human right and a key element to bring about the political, economic and social changes needed to make health a possibility for all," reads the Sundsvall statement on supportive environments for health (WHO 1991).
Health promotion is often divided targeted towards three audiences: mass (entire population), target group (various population subgroups e.g., infants, minorities, etc.), and high-risk groups.
Israel's main nutritional problems are: malnutrition and anemia, especially in children; a decline in breastfeeding; obesity; and eating disorders, especially among teenage girls.
The evolution of nutrition education in Israel reflects major accomplishments of the Public Health Services. Programs are a product of four major integrated elements: the nutrition issues, the target groups, the setting, and the methods.
- Nutrition issues- Identification of the nutrition issues is relevant to sub-groups. This is done with data on dietary intake and nutritional status obtained by local monitoring projects like questionnaires, environmental and psychosocial health indicators, and the sub-groups' perceptions of their needs and abilities.
- Target groups- assessing the sub-group's issues leads to identification of target groups. The specific needs of sub-groups are identified and targeted. The groups include specific ethnic communities, disabled people, etc.
- Settings- Using settings that are not the traditional domain of programs enable sub-groups to be reached at their sites of daily life. It enables precise targeting to be carried out and provides for positive links to occur across disciplines and organizations which encourages wider community involvement. Settings may include schools, work places, and retail malls.
- Methods- Many methods (e.g., personal interviews, use of media, and participatory methods) are considered in the development and implementation of programs to ensure changes in individuals and organizations, as well as in economies and environments.
In the spirit of the 1991 Sundsvall declaration, multidisciplinary work teams were assembled in the 18 regional headquarters of the Ministry of Health. Each group is comprised of a public health physician, a nutritionist, a nurse, a food technologist, an environmental engineer, and a delegate from the community. The team identifies and prioritizes nutrition problems, develops community-based plans, and acts to assure that plans are carried out appropriately. Community outreach programs have been successful in bringing about positive changes in some of the most vulnerable groups, as shown by local studies and assessments.
Recently, several unrelated events took place resulting in a possible push for the nutrition cause. The Public Health Services placed nutrition as a high priority issue during 1997-1998, the Israeli Center for Disease Control (ICDC) was established, and the Department of Nutrition was reorganized. This created an opportunity for disease prevention, control over health expenses, and development of nutrition policy.
In 1998 the Department of Nutrition, ICDC, Central Bureau of Statistics, and several academic institutes, initiated a National Nutrition Survey. This survey is intended to provide information and a database for public policy decisions, such as developing nutrition education and public health nutrition programs, and evaluating their long-term effectiveness. The nationwide survey will be concluded by February 2000.
For more information, please contact Dr. Yitzhak Weinstein of the Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sports at (mail) Wingate Post Office Netanya, Israel 42902 (tel) (011972)-89639400, (fax) (011972)-9-8639412.
Country Data
| Population: 5,643,966 (July 1998 est.) |
| Birth rate: 19.99 births/1,000 population (1998 est.) |
| Death rate: 6.19 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: 8.02 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: 78.41 years |
An Argument Against Health Promotion Advocacy for Specific Populationsby Felicity Goodyear-Smith |
 |
In the past 20 years, New Zealand has seen a growing tendency to compartmentalize health issues with respect to specific populations and then lobby for health promotion resources for those populations. Such population subsets include women, MÑori and Pacific Islanders, homosexuals, children, and elderly populations. Hence, there may be health promotion initiatives to improve women’s health or the health of the Pacific Island population in New Zealand.
One result of this type of advocacy is that it effectively fragments a public health response and can result in different groups each lobbying and competing for a share of available health resources.
It can be argued that it is preferable to focus on the prevention and management of specific health problems rather than to try to improve the health of one population subset. Where high-risk populations are identified who merit special attention, policy and practice should be directed particularly at that group. For example, reducing the incidence and impact of diabetes would mean targeting the MÑori and Pacific Island population; preventing the spread of the HIV virus involves education of gay and bisexual men; reducing the incidence of osteoporosis means targeting women. Social problems such suicide, and occupational morbidity and mortality, would largely target men.
Such a health promotion action would take a broad social focus rather than seeing groups (such as “men” or “women”) in isolation, and hence be more “inclusive” than “exclusive” in its approach. A public health policy structured along these lines would be needs-driven rather than advocacy-driven, and is likely to be optimally successful in producing an efficient, equitable, and effective means of preventing and treating disease.
For more information, please contact Dr. Felicity Goodyear-Smith, Research Fellow, at the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Auckland, PB 92 019 Auckland, New Zealand (tel) 64-9 -373-7599 Ext 2357; (e-mail) f.goodyearmith@auckland.ac.nz
 |
"Health promotion is the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health. Optimal health is defined as a balance of physical, emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual health. Lifestyle change can be facilitated through a combination of efforts to enhance awareness, change behavior and create environments that support good health practices. Of the three, supportive environments will probably have the greatest impact in producing lasting change." (American Journal of Health Promotion, 1989, 3, 3, 5.) |
Canada Lobbies to Aid Homelessby Cathy Crowe |
 |
Approximately one in every four tenant households are just one rent check away from homelessness, according to the research of a 1999 housing study Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada - Ontario Region. That is 300,000 households --- 750,000 people, including children, in total - that are at risk of homelessness across the Canadian province of Ontario.
The housing study also revealed that twice that number of tenant households (totalling over 600,000) experience difficulties paying their rent, in addition to paying other bills, including groceries. This is the situation for about 1.6 million women, men, and children. Rent increases, low incomes, welfare cuts and a dearth of new affordable housing make this housing crisis worse for the people of Ontario.
The Toronto Disaster Relief Committee (TDRC) is working to combat all of this. TDRC's lobby effort to have homelessness declared a national disaster has been pretty successful on a number of fronts.
In October 1998, the City of Toronto Community and Neighbourhood Services Committee passed the following motion in a unanimous vote:
"That the Provincial and Federal Governments be requested to declare homelessness a national disaster requiring emergency humanitarian relief and be urged to immediately develop and implement a National Homelessness Relief and Prevention Strategy using disaster relief funds, both to provide the homeless with immediate health protection and housing and to prevent further homelessness."
More than 1,100 individuals and 400 organizations, including hospitals, numerous health organizations, AIDS services organizations, community services, and faith organizations have declared that homelessness is a national disaster. The city councils of Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria, Nepean and Rideau, and of the regions of Ottawa-Carleton and Durham, and the mayors of 10 of Canada's largest cities, have done the same. TDRC has a national letter-writing campaign, aimed at the Federal Government, that advocates a demand for a National Housing Strategy. Thus far, Canada is the only industrialized country without such a strategy.
In particular, TDRC proposes the "One Percent Solution" which requires that all levels of government spend one percent more of their existing total budgets on housing than they currently do, to end the National Disaster of Homelessness. This letter writing campaign will press for future federal budgets to deal with the Homelessness Disaster. This One Percent Solution would be the single largest step towards ending homelessness in Canada.
On average, the federal, provincial and municipal governments of Canada spend about one percent of their total budgets on housing. From 1994-95, they spent $3.83 billion out of a total of $358 billion. An increase of one percent would double this amount and would be a giant step towards ending homelessness in the next three to five years.
The increased funding would be used for more housing, new construction, renovation of existing units, and subsidies for people on low incomes.
For more information, please contact Cathy Crowe at: Toronto Disaster Relief Committee, 168 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario M5V 2R4, Canada (mail) ccrowe@ctchc.com (e-mail) http://www.tao.ca/~tdrc (website).
|
|
Global Initiatives |
A Plan for a Healthier U.K.
The United Kingdom's Department of Health has put out "Our Healthier Nation," an action plan to tackle poor health. This plan aims to improve the health of everyone, but particularly the health of the worst off. The executive summary states, "We want to see a new balance in which people, communities and Government work together in partnership to improve health."
"Our Healthier Nation" is the first comprehensive Government plan focused on the nation's main killers: cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke, accidents, and mental illness. Its goals, which have a deadline of the year 2010, are ambitious:
- To reduce the cancer death rate in people under 75 by at least 20%.
- To reduce the coronary heart disease and stroke death rate in people under 75 by at least 40%.
- To reduce the accident death rate by at least 20%, and serious injuries from accidents by at least 10%.
- To reduce the death rate from suicide and undetermined injury by at least 20%.
If these goals are met, an estimated 300,000 untimely and unnecessary deaths will be prevented. In order to achieve this goal of better health for everyone and especially for the worst off, more money is being put into healthcare, smoking cessation is being addressed, and federal and local governments will be integrated to improve health.
For more information, please contact the Department of Health at: Department of Health, PO Box 777, London SE1 6XH (Fax) 01623-724-524 "Our Healthier Nation" can be viewed at http://www.doh.gov.uk/ohn/execsum.htm
India offers HELP to Healthcare
The Health Education Library for People (HELP) is India's first Consumer Health Education Resource Center and one of the world's largest consumer health libraries, according to the U.S. Medical Library Association. HELP aims to empower people by providing them with the information they need to promote their health, and prevent and treat medical problems in the family in partnership with their doctor. HELP is a registered charitable trust and a non-profit organization.
HELP offers the following facilities:
- 1. An up-to-date collection of over 5000 consumer health books, 10,000 pamphlets, and many magazines and newsletters.
- 2. Audiovisual educational media, including over 100 videotapes. Videos can be viewed in privacy in the library.
- 3. Computer software, including over 30 CD-ROMs on all health and medical topics.
HELP provides access to information on every health and medical topic under the sun, explained in layperson's terms. HELP has become a prototype of the modern digital library. The library catalog is computerized and is now available on the Internet at http://www.healthlibrary.com so that readers can "browse" through the catalog from home! HELP has many full-text health books and magazines in the Reading Room on the Web, so that people can read them for free. This allows HELP to extend its outreach serv-ices, by providing consumer health information to internet users from all over the world!
HELP is a public library, and entry to HELP is free! HELP is open Monday through Saturday, from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. For those unable to come personally to the library, questions will be answered by post or e-mail. This is an innovative service called MISS-HELP (Medical Information Search Services from HELP) which allows the library to provide medical information to users from all over India.
At present, all materials are in English. Plans are being made to translate educational materials into regional languages. For more information, please contact Dr. Aniruddha Malpani, MD (Mail) HELP, Om Chambers, 5th Floor, Kemps Corner, Bombay 400 036. India. (Tel) 91-22-368 3334 (Fax) 91-22-2150223 (E-mail) malpani@bigfoot.com (Website) http://www.healthlibrary.com
|
|
International Institute for Health Promotion News Flashes |
Formation of Indian Association of Health & Fitness Promotion
The Indian Association of Health & Fitness Promotion was recently founded in a significant step to advance health promotion and the concept of active living in the second most populous country in the world. Dr. Chinappa Reddy, president of the association, expressed the intent to host an international conference on health promotion in early January 2000, under the auspices of the IIHP, while simultaneously inviting IIHP partners in the region to gather for a regional meeting. This will be the first regional meeting of IIHP partners; three annual meetings have been held so far with the fourth annual meeting scheduled for October in Curitiba. More information on these developments will follow in the upcoming issues of Global Perspectives.
In the meantime, for more information, please contact Dr. G.L. Khanna at the Sports Authority of India, Netaji Submas Southern Centre, Bangalore 560056; fax is 91-80-3355214.
Training Course in Romania
The Romanian Sport for All Federation is hosting a training course for fitness instructors and coaches in Bistrita from September 6-12. The Federation will incorporate a health promotion module this year for the first time in the history of its training courses. Speakers from France, Belgium, and the U.S.A/ (represented by American University) have confirmed their attendance thus far.
Theoretical lectures and practical sessions have been scheduled. The lectures follow an informative curriculum recommended by the Ministry of Youth and Sports (philosophy of sport for all, physiology, pedagogy, methodology, sports management and marketing, etc.). The new module will feature sessions on the concept of health promotion, the role of physical activity in health promotion, and health promotion at the workplace. The audience will consist of approximately 40 young fitness and aerobics instructors who wish to upgrade or obtain a recreational coach diploma. The diploma will enable them to work as qualified instructors in fitness clubs or volunteers for the Sport for All Federation, or to be employed in other recreation and sporting settings.
The Beginnings of Workplace Health Promotion in Romania
In April 1999, the University of Constanta in Romania launched a health promotion program for their university employees. The program is titled PASUC (Promovarea Activa a Sanatatii `n Universitatea din Constanta), which translates as the promotion of active health at the University of Constanta. PASUC was developed by the Faculty of Physical Education and is offered exclusively through physical education students. The program is supported by the Romanian Sport for All Federation.
The program consists of several steps:
- Awareness raising through dissemination of flyers
- Dissemination of brochures, including a brief health survey and outline of the program components: education, evaluation, and programs.
- Educational lectures about the new approach to health, risk factors, and the benefits of health promotion. Participants receive an informational booklet on the topic.
- Assessment of health and fitness-related parameters: e.g., cardiorespiratory fitness, body fat percentage, etc.
- Activity programs: e.g., aerobics, jogging, basketball.
Program Director Dr. George Dumitru and Program Manager Adrian Aron both acknowledge that many barriers need to be overcome, such as lack of awareness amongst the employees, lack of adequate facilities for the new activity programs, lack of experience in administering such programs, and the voluntary involvement of the students. Nevertheless, the program has been well-received by the university community and provides a great opportunity for the students to gain first-hand experience.
1999 IIHP Meeting and ABQV Congress in Curitiba
The ABQV (Brazilian Association of the Quality of Life) has made significant progress with the planning of their first national congress in Curitiba directly following the IIHP Meeting (October 13-16, 1999). Please see the Congress Website at http://www.abqv.org.br/ at_noti_01.html#Congresso.
Also, please visit the updated 1999 IIHP Meeting Website at: http://www.healthy.american.edu/iihpmeetcuritiba.html or contact Wolf Kirsten, International Program Manager, at 1-202-885-6218 (tel) or 1-202-885-1346 (fax) for a preliminary schedule, call for papers, travel agency contact information and hotel rates.
The International Institute for Health Promotion (IIHP) is a global center for the development and advancement of health promotion policies, programs, services, and research that maximizes multiple efforts across the globe. It was established in 1994 as an addition to the National Center for Health Fitness at American University in Washington, DC, to assist in leading, facilitating, and coordinating the efforts of many international individuals and organizations. More than 50 cooperating members from 25 nations form an extensive interdisciplinary health promotion network that includes ongoing dialogue, information exchange and project participation. E-mail the IIHP at <iihpaa@american.edu>. The IIHP website is <http://www.healthy.american. edu/iihp.html>
Permission to Reprint
Individuals and organizations are encouraged and authorized to print one copy, in full, of this issue of the online version of Health Promotion: Global Perspectives. Furthermore, readers are authorized and encouraged to print multiple copies of the issue, in full, and distribute it to colleagues, after permission to reproduce has been secured from American Journal of Health Promotion, Inc. In your request, please specify the number of copies you wish to make and the types of people you will send them to. Under no condition can portions of the issue be reproduced and under no conditions can copies be sold.
|
American Journal of Health Promotion | 248-682-0707 |
Privacy Policy |